J R Soc Med 2001;94:265-269
© 2001 Royal Society of Medicine
Water retention and aquaporins in heart failure, liver disease and pregnancy
Robert W Schrier MD
Melissa A Cadnapaphornchai
Mamiko Ohara
Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine,
University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Figure 1. Backward and forward theories of heart failure [Modified by
permission, from Peters JP, Am J Med 1952;12:66]
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Figure 2. Underfill and overfill hypotheses of oedema formation in cirrhosis
[Modified by permission, from Schrier RW, J R Coll Physicians
1992;26:295]
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Figure 3. Underfill and overfill hypotheses of oedema formation in
pregnancy
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Figure 4. Sequence of events in which a decrease in cardiac output initiates water
retention [Modified by permission, from Schrier RW, Ann Intern
Med 1990;113:155]
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Figure 5. Sequence of events in which peripheral arterial vasodilation initiates
water retention [Modified by permission, from Schrier RW, J Am Soc
Nephrol 1992;2:1549]
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Baseline; 
Placebo; [UNK] 30 mg; 
75 mg; 
150 mg; 
250 mg) [Reprinted by permission, from Ref.